تحلیل سازه و طراحی ساختمانهای مقاوم در برابر باد و زلزله
به زبان انگلیسی
فهرست مطالب به شرح زیر است
Contents
Chapter 1. Wind Loads .................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Design Considerations .... 1
1.2. Nature of Wind .... 2
1.2.1. Types of wind .... 2
1.3. Characteristics of Wind .... 3
1.3.1. Variation of Wind Velocity with Height .... 3
1.3.2. Wind Turbulence .... 4
1.3.3. Probabilistic Approach .... 5
1.3.4. Vortex Shedding .... 7
1.3.5. Dynamic Nature of Wind .... 10
1.3.6. Cladding Pressures .... 10
1.4. Code Provisions for Wind Loads .... 13
1.4.1. Uniform Building Code, 1997:
Wind Load Provisions .... 15
1.4.2. ASCE 7-02: Wind Load Provisions .... 24
1.4.3. National Building Code of Canada (NBCC 1995):
Wind Load Provisions .... 68
1.5. Wind-Tunnel Engineering .... 83
1.5.1. Rigid Model .... 84
1.5.2. Aeroelastic Study .... 86
1.5.3. High-Frequency Base Force Balance Model .... 91
1.5.4. Pedestrian Wind Studies .... 93
1.5.5. Motion Perception: Human Response to Building Motions .... 97
Chapter 2. Seismic Design ............................................................................................ 99
2.1. Building Behavior .... 101
2.1.1. Influence of Soil .... 102
2.1.2. Damping .... 103
2.1.3. Building Motions and Deflections .... 104
2.1.4. Building Drift .... 104
2.2. Seismic Design Concept .... 104
2.2.1. Structural Response .... 105
2.2.2. Load Path .... 105
2.2.3. Demands of Earthquake Motions .... 106
2.2.4. Response of Elements Attached to Buildings .... 106
2.2.5. Adjacent Buildings .... 106
2.2.6. Irregular Buildings .... 107
2.2.7. Lateral-Force-Resisting Systems .... 108
2.2.8. Diaphragms .... 111
2.2.9. Ductility .... 111
2.2.10. Damage Control Features .... 112
2.2.11. Continuous Load Path .... 113
2.2.12. Redundancy .... 114
2.2.13. Configuration .... 114
2.2.14. Dynamic Analysis .... 114
Contents
2.3. Uniform Building Code, 1997 Edition: Seismic Provisions .... 132
2.3.1. Building Irregularities .... 133
2.3.2. Design Base Shear, V .... 136
2.3.3. Seismic Zone Factor Z .... 139
2.3.4. Seismic Importance Factor IE .... 141
2.3.5. Building Period T .... 141
2.3.6. Structural System Coefficient R .... 142
2.3.7. Seismic Dead Load W .... 142
2.3.8. Seismic Coefficients Cv and Ca .... 144
2.3.9. Soil Profile Types .... 146
2.3.10. Seismic Source Type A, B, and C .... 147
2.3.11. Near Source Factors Na and Nv .... 147
2.3.12. Distribution of Lateral Force Fx .... 147
2.3.13. Story Shear Vx and Overturning Moment Mx .... 149
2.3.14. Torsion .... 149
2.3.15. Reliability/Redundancy Factor
r .... 149
2.3.16. Drift Limitations .... 150
2.3.17. Deformation Compatibility .... 151
2.3.18. Load Combinations .... 155
2.3.19. Design Example, 1997 UBC: Static Procedure .... 158
2.3.20. OSHPD and DSA Seismic Design Requirements .... 165
2.4. ASCE 7-02, IBC 2003, and NFPA 5000: Seismic Provisions .... 169
2.4.1. Seismic Design Highlights: ASCE 7-02, IBC-03, NFPA 5000 .... 171
2.4.2. ASCE 7-02: Detail Description of Seismic Provisions .... 175
2.4.3. IBC 2003, NFPA 5000 (ASCE 7-02) Equivalent Lateral-Force
Procedure .... 190
2.4.4. Dynamic Analysis Procedure .... 202
2.4.5. Design and Detailing Requirements .... 203
2.4.6 Seismic Design Example: Static Procedure, IBC 2003
(ASCE 7-02, NFPA 5000) .... 205
2.4.7. Seismic Design Example: Dynamic Analysis Procedure (Response Spectrum
Analysis), Hand Calculations .... 212
2.4.8. Anatomy of Computer Response Spectrum Analyses
(In Other Words, What Goes on in the Black Box) .... 220
2.5. Seismic Design of Structural Elements, Nonstructural Components,
and Equipment; 1997 UBC Provisions .... 231
2.5.1. Architectural Components .... 232
2.5.2. Exterior Ornaments and Appendages .... 233
2.5.3. Component Behavior .... 233
2.5.4. 1997 UBC Provisions .... 235
2.6. Dynamic Analysis Theory .... 244
2.6.1. Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems .... 245
2.6.2. Multidegree-of-Freedom Systems .... 248
2.6.3. Modal Superposition Method .... 250
2.7. Chapter Summary .... 258
Chapter 3. Steel Buildings ....................................................................................... 261
3.1. Rigid Frames (Moment Frames) .... 262
3.1.1. Deflection Characteristics .... 264
3.1.2. Cantilever Bending Component .... 265
3.1.3. Shear Racking Component .... 265
3.2. Braced Frames .... 266
3.2.1. Types of Braces .... 269
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Contents xi
3.3. Staggered Truss System .... 270
3.3.1. Floor System .... 271
3.3.2. Columns .... 274
3.3.3. Trusses .... 275
3.4. Eccentric Braced Frame (EBF) .... 275
3.4.1. Ductility .... 276
3.4.2. Behavior .... 276
3.4.3. Essential Features of Link .... 276
3.4.4. Analysis and Design Considerations .... 277
3.4.5. Deflection Considerations .... 278
3.4.6. Conclusions .... 278
3.5. Interacting System of Braced and Rigid Frames .... 278
3.5.1. Behavior .... 281
3.6. Outrigger and Belt Truss Systems .... 282
3.6.1. Behavior .... 284
3.6.2. Deflection Calculations .... 285
3.6.3. Optimum Location of a Single Outrigger .... 290
3.6.4. Optimum Location of Two Outriggers .... 295
3.6.5. Recommendations for Optimum Locations
of Belt and Outrigger Trusses .... 297
3.7. Framed Tube System .... 298
3.7.1. Behavior .... 298
3.7.2. Shear Lag Phenomenon .... 300
3.8. Irregular Tube .... 302
3.9. Trussed Tube .... 303
3.10. Bundled Tube .... 305
3.11. Seismic Design .... 307
3.11.1. Concentric Braced Frames .... 308
3.11.2. Eccentric Braced Frame (EBF) .... 324
3.11.3. Moment Frames .... 335
Chapter 4. Concrete Buildings ................................................................................ 349
4.1. Structural Systems .... 349
4.1.1. Flat Slab–Beam System .... 349
4.1.2. Flat Slab–Frame with Shear Walls .... 352
4.1.3. Coupled Shear Walls .... 352
4.1.4. Rigid Frame .... 352
4.1.5. Tube System with Widely Spaced Columns .... 353
4.1.6. Rigid Frame with Haunch Girders .... 353
4.1.7. Core-Supported Structures .... 354
4.1.8. Shear Wall–Frame Interaction .... 354
4.1.9. Frame Tube System .... 356
4.1.10. Exterior Diagonal Tube .... 357
4.1.11. Bundled Tube .... 358
4.1.12. Miscellaneous Systems .... 358
4.2. Seismic Design .... 361
4.2.1. Load Factors, Strength Reduction Factors, and Load Combinations .... 369
4.2.2. Integrity Reinforcement .... 371
4.2.3. Intermediate Moment-Resisting Frames .... 373
4.2.4. Special Moment-Resisting Frames .... 377
4.2.5. Shear Walls .... 387
4.2.6. Frame Members Not Designed to Resist Earthquake Forces .... 390
4.2.7. Diaphragms .... 391
Contents
4.2.8. Foundations .... 392
4.2.9. Design Examples .... 394
Chapter 5. Composite Buildings ............................................................................. 443
5.1. Composite Elements .... 444
5.1.1. Composite Slabs .... 444
5.1.2. Composite Frame Beams .... 445
5.1.3. Composite Columns .... 445
5.1.4. Composite Diagonals .... 449
5.1.5. Composite Shear Walls .... 449
5.2. Composite Building Systems .... 450
5.2.1. Composite Shear Wall Systems .... 452
5.2.2. Shear Wall–Frame Interacting Systems .... 454
5.2.3. Tube Systems .... 455
5.2.4. Vertically Mixed Systems .... 458
5.2.5. Mega Frames with Super Columns .... 459
5.3. Example Projects .... 460
5.3.1. Buildings with Composite Steel Pipe Columns .... 460
5.3.2. Buildings with Formed Composite Columns .... 462
5.3.3. Buildings with Composite Shear Walls and Frames .... 465
5.3.4. Building with Composite Tube System .... 468
5.4. Super-Tall Buildings: Structural Concept .... 468
5.5. Seismic Composite Systems .... 470
5.5.1. Moment-Resisting Frames .... 474
5.5.2. Braced Frames .... 480
5.5.3. Composite Shear Walls .... 485
5.5.4. Example Projects .... 489
Chapter 6. Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings ...................................... 499
6.1. Code-Sponsored Design .... 500
6.2. Alternate Design Philosophy .... 501
6.3. Code Provisions for Seismic Upgrade .... 502
6.4. Building Deformations .... 504
6.5. Common Deficiencies and Upgrade Methods .... 505
6.5.1. Diaphragms .... 506
6.5.2. Concrete Shear Walls .... 513
6.5.3. Reinforcing of Steel-Braced Frames .... 520
6.5.4. Infilling of Moment Frames .... 521
6.5.5. Reinforced Concrete Moment Frames .... 521
6.5.6. Steel Moment Frames .... 522
6.5.7. Open Storefront .... 523
6.5.8. Clerestory .... 523
6.5.9. Shallow Foundations .... 523
6.5.10. Rehabilitation Measures for Deep Foundations .... 525
6.5.11. Nonstructural Elements .... 525
6.6. FEMA 356: Prestandard and Commentary
on the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings .... 527
6.6.1. Overview of Performance Levels .... 527
6.6.2. Permitted Design Methods .... 529
6.6.3. Systematic Rehabilitation .... 530
6.6.4. FEMA 356: Design Examples .... 554
6.7. Summary of FEMA 356 .... 559
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Contents xiii
6.8. Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Systems
for Strengthening of Concrete Buildings .... 560
6.8.1. Mechanical Properties and Behavior .... 560
6.8.2. Design Philosophy .... 561
6.8.3. Flexural Design .... 561
6.9. Seismic Strengthening Details .... 562
6.9.1. Common Strategies for Seismic Strengthening .... 564
Chapter 7. Gravity Systems ....................................................................................... 585
7.1. Structural Steel .... 585
7.1.1. Tension Members .... 586
7.1.2. Members Subject to Bending .... 589
7.1.3. Members Subject to Compression .... 593
7.2. Concrete Systems .... 603
7.2.1. One-Way Slabs .... 604
7.2.2. T-Beam Design .... 611
7.2.3. Two-Way Slabs .... 620
7.2.4. Unit Structural Quantities .... 626
7.3. Prestressed Concrete Systems .... 627
7.3.1. Prestressing Methods .... 629
7.3.2. Materials .... 630
7.3.3. Design Considerations .... 632
7.3.4. Cracking Problems in Post-Tensioned Floors .... 634
7.3.5. Concept of Secondary Moments .... 636
7.3.6. Step-by-Step Design Procedure .... 648
7.3.7. Strength Design for Flexure .... 675
7.4. Composite Gravity Systems .... 683
7.4.1. Composite Metal Deck .... 683
7.4.2. Composite Beams .... 699
7.4.3. Composite Haunch Girders .... 716
7.4.4. Composite Trusses .... 718
7.4.5. Composite Stub Girders .... 718
7.4.6. Composite Columns .... 727
Chapter 8. Special Topics ........................................................................................... 731
8.1. Tall Buildings .... 731
8.1.1. Structural Concepts .... 732
8.1.2. Case Studies .... 734
8.1.3. Future of Tall Buildings .... 789
8.1.4. Unit Structural Quantities .... 791
8.2. Damping Devices for Reducing Motion Perception .... 796
8.2.1. Passive Viscoelastic Dampers .... 798
8.2.2. Tuned Mass Damper .... 798
8.2.3. Sloshing Water Damper .... 803
8.2.4. Tuned Liquid Column Damper .... 803
8.2.5. Simple Pendulum Damper .... 805
8.2.6. Nested Pendulum Damper .... 807
8.3. Panel Zone Effects .... 807
8.4. Differential Shortening of Columns .... 812
8.4.1. Simplified Method .... 816
8.4.2. Column Shortening Verification During Construction .... 826
8.5. Floor-Leveling Problems .... 828
Contents
8.6. Floor Vibrations .... 829
8.6.1. General Discussion .... 829
8.6.2. Response Calculations .... 831
8.7. Seismic Isolation .... 835
8.7.1. Salient Features .... 837
8.7.2. Mechanical Properties of Seismic Isolation Systems .... 839
8.7.3. Seismically Isolated Structures: ASCE 7-02 Design Provisions .... 842
8.8. Passive Energy Dissipation Systems .... 864
8.9. Buckling-Restrained Braced Frame .... 867
Selected References .... 873
Appendix A Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary to SI Units .... 877
Index .... 879
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